In many regards, things are a lot worse: what the media usually call the “second” and “third” republics make us miss the first republic (1946-1994), created by men and women who had fought fascism and created a new Italy. Since then, the world has changed - and so, too, Italy, which is no longer that of 32 years ago. The twentieth century came to an end back in 1989, with the fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of the Cold War. La Repubblica tells us that this was about “closing the book on the twentieth century” - is that the case?
Grey-haired men and women, each between 60 and 78 years of age - exiles who have been living in refuge in France for years - they were put in handcuffs at dawn and taken off to anti-terrorist strongrooms.
Renzo traverso series#
The Italian justice system accuses them of a series of crimes, allegedly committed between 19, ranging from subversive association to murder. On 28 April, seven militants of the 1970s Italian revolutionary left were arrested in France, in the so-called “Red Shadows” sting operation. We share the interview here because what Traverso speaks of concerns not only italy’s past, but also more generally, the manner in which the history of the “left”, of anti-capitalist politics, is erased in an active “politics of memory”. The words are Enzo Traverso and they are part of a commentary on the recent arrests by french authorities of italian leftist militants exiled in the country since the late 1970s (in “operation red shadows“), proffered in an interview with him by Andrea Brazzoduro and published by Zapruder (), and in an English translation by the Verso Books Blog. The Years of Lead have been swallowed up by this repression and they have entered into the world of journalistic story-telling (and incomplete or unexplored archives) rather than our historical consciousness. We could call it “repression”, in the psychoanalytic sense. At three decades’ distance, the congress at which the Italian Communist Party decided to change its name does not appear as its “Bad Godesberg” moment but as an exorcism. Studies aiming at clarifying their pathogenesis and proper management are warranted.ĭTI Hydrocephalus MRI Ventricular diverticulum.The political violence of the 1970s was part of a political era that concluded with a defeat of the Left, of the workers’ movement, of alternative movements. A DTI study revealed that the cortico-spinal tract was partly included in the septum between the ventricle and the intraparenchymal diverticulum.Ĭlinicians dealing with chronic severe obstructive hydrocephalus should be aware of ventricular intraparenchymal diverticulation. One patient presented with hemiparesis consistent with the intraparenchymal lesion and improved after ventricular shunting. In three patients the diverticula progressed during follow-up.
Their presence or evolution (mean neuroradiological follow-up 3.6 years range: 0-8) showed a trend of association with hydrocephalus severity (bifrontal index) and did not correlate with the surgical treatment. Intraparenchymal diverticula were more frequent in males (p = 0.04) and older patients (18.7 ± 12.7 vs 11.3 ± 9.8 years, p = 0.04). Of patients with intraparenchymal diverticula, all previous available CT and MRI scans were evaluated.Įight patients (6.2 %, mean age: 18.7 years age range: 2-42) harbored 11 intraparenchymal diverticula sprouting from the temporal (6), occipital (3) or frontal (2) horns of the lateral ventricles. Subarachnoid outpouching of the ventricles, post-hemorrhagic parenchymal cavities, paths of ventricular shunting and cavities not communicating with the ventricles were excluded. The pathogenesis, neurosurgical treatment, ventricle size, signs of transependymal reabsorption and septum pellucidum integrity of the hydrocephalus were recorded. The rate, features, pathogenesis, evolution and clinical impact of intraparenchymal diverticula have not been outlined, yet.īrain MRIs of 130 patients (mean age: 11.3 years age range: 0-67 60 females) with chronic obstructive hydrocephalus were analyzed.
Intraparenchymal cavities communicating with the ventricles may appear in patients with chronic obstructive hydrocephalus despite no identifiable surgerical, vascular or traumatic causes.